Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency that works through a decentralized network of nodes that validate transactions and create new bitcoins. Approximately every 10 minutes, a new block is generated containing the transactions made during that period and a reward for the miner who has solved it. This reward is the main source of income for the miners, who contribute their computing power to maintain the security and operation of the network.

However, the reward is not fixed, but halves every 210,000 blocks, which is equivalent to about four years. This process is known as halving, and aims to limit the issuance of bitcoins to 21 million, which is the maximum that can exist. Halving is a scheduled event since the origin of Bitcoin, and is considered a measure to preserve its value and scarcity in the face of fiat currency inflation.

The next Bitcoin halving is scheduled for 2024, when the 840,000th block is reached. At that time, the block reward will drop from 6.25 bitcoins to 3.125 bitcoins, which will mean a 50% reduction in the supply of new bitcoins. What implications will this event have for the price, mining and future of Bitcoin?

The impact on price

The price of bitcoin depends on supply and demand, and halving directly affects supply. By reducing the amount of new bitcoins coming into circulation, an artificial shortage is created that can drive the price upwards, as long as demand is maintained or increased. This is the theory held by many Bitcoin analysts and enthusiasts, who see halving as an opportunity to invest and profit.

However, the price of Bitcoin depends not only on halving, but also on many other factors, such as adoption, regulation, competition, innovation, geopolitical events, news, rumors, etc. Therefore, it is not possible to predict with certainty how the market will react to halving, nor how long it will take to reflect it.

What can be done is to look at the historical behavior of Bitcoin in previous halvings, and try to draw some conclusions. The first halving occurred in November 2012, when the reward went from 50 to 25 bitcoins per block. The Bitcoin price at that time was about $12, and a year later it had surpassed $1,000, an increase of more than 8,000%. The second halving took place in July 2016, when the reward was reduced from 25 to 12.5 bitcoins per block. The price of bitcoin at that time was about $650, and a year and a half later it had reached $20,000, representing an increase of more than 3,000%. The third halving came in May 2020, when the reward was cut from 12.5 to 6.25 bitcoins per block. The price of bitcoin at that time was about $9,000, and by April 2021 it had surpassed $60,000, implying an increase of more than 600%.

BTC halving cycles. Source

As can be seen, the Bitcoin has experienced spectacular rises after each halving, albeit at a decreasing rate. This is because the effect of halving is smaller the greater the number of bitcoins in circulation and the market value of Bitcoin. In addition, the market becomes more mature, efficient and competitive, and halving is more accurately anticipated and discounted. Therefore, Bitcoin cannot be expected to repeat the same growth rates as in the past, but neither can halving be ruled out as having a positive impact on the price in the medium to long term.

The impact on mining

Mining is the activity that sustains the Bitcoin network, and halving is a challenge for miners, who see their income cut in half. To remain profitable, miners have to adapt to the new scenario, and they have several options to do so. One is to increase the efficiency of their equipment, using more powerful and less energy-consuming hardware. Another option is to reduce operating costs by seeking locations with cheap electricity and favorable weather conditions. A third option is to join mining pools, which are groups of miners who share their computing power and rewards, making them more likely to solve blocks and earn a more stable income.

However, these options are not enough if the Bitcoin price does not accompany. If the Bitcoin price falls below the miners' cost of production, they will have to shut down their machines or sell their bitcoins to cover their expenses, which can create downward pressure on the market. Conversely, if the price of bitcoin rises above the miners' cost of production, miners may maintain or increase their activity, which may generate upward pressure on the market.

The balance between price and mining is reflected in the difficulty of the network, which is a parameter that is adjusted every 2,016 blocks (about 14 days) to maintain the 10-minute interval between blocks. If there are more miners and more computing power in the network, the difficulty increases to make it more difficult to solve blocks. If there are fewer miners and less computational power in the network, the difficulty decreases to make it easier to solve the blocks. In this way, the network adapts to market conditions and ensures the security and operation of Bitcoin.

The impact on the future

Bitcoin halving is an event that sets the pace and evolution of the world's most important cryptocurrency. Each halving is a milestone in the history of Bitcoin, and opens a new cycle of expectations, challenges and opportunities. The 2024 halving will be the fourth of 33 in total, and will leave the number of bitcoins in circulation at around 19.7 million, meaning that 93.75% of bitcoins will have already been issued. This implies that bitcoin is getting closer and closer to its limit of 21 million, and that its supply is becoming increasingly scarce and valuable.

The halving of 2024 will also be the last in which the block reward will be higher than 1 bitcoin, which will have a psychological impact on the market. Thereafter, the reward will be less than 1 bitcoin, and it will decrease until it reaches zero in the year 2140. This means that miners will increasingly rely on transaction fees for revenue, and bitcoin will have to increase its adoption, utility and value to sustain the network.

The halving of 2024, therefore, will be a pivotal moment for Bitcoin, which will have to prove its ability to withstand and thrive in an increasingly competitive and demanding environment. Bitcoin will have to face the challenges of regulation, innovation, competition, sustainability and security, and will have to convince users, investors, businesses and governments of its advantages and benefits. The halving of 2024 will be a litmus test for Bitcoin, but also an opportunity to consolidate itself as the digital gold of the 21st century.